Re: Anita (OT sort of from the start)

[MOU@L.au (Horace)]

On Mon, 5 Jun 2000 18:08:58 +0100, "Tony Mochrie"
<tony@mochrie.ezesurf.co.uk> in alt.ozdebate wrote:

>
>Josh B <joshb_99@hotmail.com> wrote in message
>news:MPG.13a5f033a187b31f98b311@news.ozemail.com.au...
>> Hi Sky Rider,
>>
>> On Mon, 05 Jun 2000 15:22:28 +1000, Sky Rider (or one of their many
>> personalities) said....
>>
>>
>> >> What the fuck is a snuh?!
>> >
>> >it's a noise Home Simpson made once when Marge asked him to make a
>promise
>> >:))
>> >
>> >(seriously!)
>>
>> Oh, well that's ok then....
>>
>> --
>> http://www.ozdebate.com
>
>Seeing as none of you can be asrsed to restrict your idle chatter to your
>own group here's some of ours.
>
>The Project Gutenberg Etext of History Of The Britons, by Nennius
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>History Of The Britons (Historia Brittonum) by Nennius
>
>Translated by J. A. Giles
>
>November, 1999  [Etext #1972]
>
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>The Project Gutenberg Etext of History Of The Britons, by Nennius
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>artorius@redsuspenders.com
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>This Etext prepared by Bert Olton
>artorius@redsuspenders.com
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>
>History Of The Britons (Historia Brittonum) by Nennius
>
>Translated by J. A. Giles
>
>
>
>
>I. The Prologue.
>
>
>
>1. Nennius, the lowly minister and servant of the servants of
>God, by the grace of God, disciple of St. Elbotus,* to all the
>followers of truth sendeth health.
>* Or Elvod, bishop of Bangor, A.D. 755, who first adopted in the
>Cambrian church the new cycle for regulating Easter.
>
>Be it known to your charity, that being dull in intellect and
>rude of speech, I have presumed to deliver these things in the
>Latin tongue, not trusting to my own learning, which is little
>or none at all, but partly from traditions of our ancestors,
>partly from writings and monuments of the ancient inhabitants of
>Britain, partly from the annals of the Romans, and the chronicles
>of the sacred fathers, Isidore, Hieronymus, Prosper, Eusebius,
>and from the histories of the Scots and Saxons, although our
>enemies, not following my own inclinations, but, to the best of
>my ability, obeying the commands of my seniors; I have lispingly
>put together this history from various sources, and have endeavored,
>from shame, to deliver down to posterity the few remaining ears of
>corn about past transactions, that they might not be trodden under
>foot, seeing that an ample crop has been snatched away already by
>the hostile reapers of foreign nations.  For many things have been
>in my way, and I, to this day, have hardly been able to understand,
>even superficially, as was necessary, the sayings of other men;
>much less was I able in my own strength, but like a barbarian,
>have I murdered and defiled the language of others.  But I bore
>about with me an inward wound, and I was indignant, that the name
>of my own people, formerly famous and distinguished, should sink
>into oblivion, and like smoke be dissipated.  But since, however,
>I had rather myself be the historian of the Britons than nobody,
>although so many are to be found who might much more satisfactorily
>discharge the labour thus imposed on me; I humbly entreat my
>readers, whose ears I may offend by the inelegance of my words,
>that they will fulfil the wish of my seniors, and grant me the easy
>task of listening with candour to my history.  For zealous efforts
>very often fail: but bold enthusiasm, were it in its power, would
>not suffer me to fail.  May, therefore, candour be shown where
>the inelegance of my words is insufficient, and may the truth of
>this history, which my rustic tongue has ventured, as a kind of
>plough, to trace out in furrows, lose none of its influence from
>that cause, in the ears of my hearers.  For it is better to drink
>a wholesome draught of truth from the humble vessel, than poison
>mixed with honey from a golden goblet.
>
>2. And do not be loath, diligent reader, to winnow my chaff, and
>lay up the wheat in the storehouse of your memory: for truth regards
>not who is the speaker, nor in what manner it is spoken, but that
>the thing be true; and she does not despise the jewel which she has
>rescued from the mud, but she adds it to her former treasures.
>
>For I yield to those who are greater and more eloquent than myself,
>who, kindled with generous ardour, have endeavoured by Roman
>eloquence to smooth the jarring elements of their tongue, if they
>have left unshaken any pillar of history which I wished to see
>remain.  This history therefore has been compiled from a wish to
>benefit my inferiors, not from envy of those who are superior to
>me, in the 858th year of our Lord's incarnation, and in the 24th
>year of Mervin, king of the Britons, and I hope that the prayers
>of my betters will be offered up for me in recompence of my labour.
>But this is sufficient by way of preface.  I shall obediently
>accomplish the rest to the utmost of my power.
>
>
>
>
>II. The Apology of Nennius
>
>
>
>Here begins the apology of Nennius, the historiographer of the
>Britons, of the race of the Britons.
>
>3. I, Nennius, disciple of St. Elbotus, have endeavoured to write
>some extracts which the dulness of the British nation had cast away,
>because teachers had no knowledge, nor gave any information in
>their books about this island of Britain.  But I have got together
>all that I could find as well from the annals of the Romans as from
>the chronicles of the sacred fathers, Hieronymus, Eusebius, Isidorus,
>Prosper, and from the annals of the Scots and Saxons, and from
>our ancient traditions.  Many teachers and scribes have attempted
>to write this, but somehow or other have abandoned it from its
>difficulty, either on account of frequent deaths, or the often
>recurring calamities of war.  I pray that every reader who shall
>read this book, may pardon me, for having attempted, like a
>chattering jay, or like some weak witness, to write these things,
>after they had failed.  I yield to him who knows more of these
>things than I do.
>
>
>
>
>III. The History.
>
>
>
>4, 5.  From Adam to the flood, are two thousand and forty-two
>years.  From the flood of Abraham, nine hundred and forty-two.
>>From Abraham to Moses, six hundred.*  From Moses to Solomon, and
>the first building of the temple, four hundred and forty-eight.
>>From Solomon to the rebuilding of the temple, which was under
>Darius, king of the Persians, six hundred and twelve years are
>computed.  From Darius to the ministry of our Lord Jesus Christ,
>and to the fifteenth year of the emperor Tiberius, are five hundred
>and forty-eight years.  So that from Adam to the ministry of
>Christ and the fifteenth year of the emperor Tiberius, are five
>thousand two hundred and twenty-eight years.  From the passion of
>Christ are completed nine hundred and forty-six; from his incarnation,
>nine hundred and seventy-six: being the fifth year of Edmund, king
>of the Angles.
>* And forty, according to Stevenson's new edition.  The rest of
>this chronology is much contracted in several of the manuscripts,
>and hardly two of them contain it exactly the same.
>
>6. The first age of the world is from Adam to Noah; the second
>from Noah to Abraham; the third from Abraham to David; the fourth
>from David to Daniel; the fifth to John the Baptist; the sixth
>from John to the judgment, when our Lord Jesus Christ will come
>to judge the living and the dead, and the world by fire.
>
>The first Julius.  The second Claudius.  The third Severus.  The
>fourth Carinus.  The fifth Constantius.  The sixth Maximus.  The
>seventh Maximianus.  The eighth another Severus Aequantius.  The
>ninth Constantius.*
>* This list of the Roman emperors who visited Britain, is omitted
>in many of the MSS.
>
>Here beginneth the history of the Britons, edited by Mark the
>anchorite, a holy bishop of that people.
>
>7. The island of Britain derives its name from Brutus, a Roman
>consul.  Taken from the south-west point it inclines a little
>towards the west, and to its northern extremity measures eight
>hundred miles, and is in breadth two hundred.  It contains thirty
>three cities,[1] viz.
>
>1. Cair ebrauc (York).
>2. Cair ceint (Canterbury).
>3. Cair gurcoc (Anglesey?).
>4. Cair guorthegern [2]
>5. Cair custeint (Carnarvon).
>6. Cair guoranegon (Worcester).
>7. Cair segeint (Silchester).
>8. Cair guin truis (Norwich, or Winwick).
>9. Cair merdin (Caermarthen).
>10. Cair peris (Porchester).
>11. Cair lion (Caerleon-upon-Usk).
>12. Cair mencipit (Verulam).
>13. Cair caratauc (Catterick).
>14. Cair ceri (Cirencester).
>15. Cair glout (Gloucester).
>16. Cair luillid (Carlisle).
>17. Cair grant (Grantchester, now Cambridge).
>18. Cair daun (Doncaster), or Cair dauri (Dorchester).
>19. Cair britoc (Bristol).
>20. Cair meguaid (Meivod).
>21. Cair mauiguid (Manchester).
>22. Cair ligion (Chester).
>23. Cair guent (Winchester, or Caerwent, in Monmouthshire).
>24. Cair collon (Colchester, or St. Colon, Cornwall).
>25. Cair londein (London).
>26. Cair guorcon (Worren, or Woran, in Pembrokeshire).
>27. Cair lerion (Leicester).
>28. Cair draithou (Drayton).
>29. Cair pensavelcoit (Pevensey, in Sussex).
>30. Cairtelm (Teyn-Grace, in Devonshire).
>31. Cair Urnahc (Wroxeter, in Shropshire).
>32. Cair colemion (Camelet, in Somersetshire).
>33. Cair loit coit (Lincoln).
>[1] V.R. Twenty-eight, twenty-one.
>[2] Site unknown.
>
>These are the names of the ancient cities of the island of Britain.
>it has also a vast many promontories, and castles innumerable, built
>of brick and stone.  Its inhabitants consist of four different
>people; the Scots, the Picts, the Saxons and the ancient Britons.
>
>8. Three considerable islands belong to it; one, on the south,
>opposite the Armorican shore, called Wight;* another between
>Ireland and Britain, called Eubonia or Man; and another directly
>north, beyond the Picts, named Orkney; and hence it was anciently
>a proverbial expression, in reference to its kings and rulers,
>"He reigned over Britain and its three islands."
>* Inis-gueith, or Gueith.
>
>6. It is fertilized by several rivers, which traverse it in all
>directions, to the east and west, to the south and north; but
>there are two pre-eminently distinguished among the rest, the
>Thames and the Severn, which formerly, like the two arms of Britain,
>bore the ships employed in the conveyance of riches acquired by
>commerce.  The Britons were once very populous, and exercised
>extensive dominion from sea to sea.
>
>10.*  Respecting the period when this island became inhabited
>subsequently to the flood, I have seen two distinct relations.
>According to the annals of the Roman history, the Britons deduce
>their origin both from the Greeks and Romans.  On the side of the
>mother, from Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, king of Italy, and
>of the race of Silvanus, the son of Inachus, the son of Dardanus;
>who was the son of Saturn, king of the Greeks, and who, having
>possessed himself of a part of Asia, built the city of Troy.
>Dardanus was the father of Troius, who was the father of Priam and
>Anchises; Anchises was the father of Aeneas, who was the father
>of Ascanius and Silvius; and this Silvius was the son of Aeneas
>and Lavinia, the daughter of the king of Italy.  From the sons
>of Aeneas and Lavinia descended Romulus and Remus, who were the
>sons of the holy queen Rhea, and the founders of Rome.  Brutus
>was consul when he conquered Spain, and reduced that country to
>a Roman province.  He afterwards subdued the island of Britain,
>whose inhabitants were the descendants of the Romans, from Silvius
>Posthumus.  He was called Posthumus because he was born after the
>death of Aeneas his father; and his mother Lavinia concealed
>herself during her pregnancy; he was called Silvius, because he
>was born in a wood.  Hence the Roman kings were called Silvan,
>and the Britons from Brutus, and rose from the family of Brutus.
>* The whole of this, as far as the end of the paragraph, is
>omitted in several MSS.
>
>Aeneas, after the Trojan war, arrived with his son in Italy; and
>Having vanquished Turnus, married Lavinia, the daughter of king
>Latinus, who was the son of Faunus, the son of Picus, the son of
>Saturn.  After the death of Latinus, Aeneas obtained the kingdom
>Of the Romans, and Lavinia brought forth a son, who was named
>Silvius.  Ascanius founded Alba, and afterwards married.  And
>Lavinia bore to Aeneas a son, named Silvius; but Ascanius [1]
>married a wife, who conceived and became pregnant.  And Aeneas,
>having been informed that his daughter-in-law was pregnant, ordered
>his son to send his magician to examine his wife, whether the child
>conceived were male or female.  The magician came and examined the
>wife and pronounced it to be a son, who should become the most
>valiant among the Italians, and the most beloved of all men. [2]
>In consequence of this prediction, the magician was put to death
>by Ascanius; but it happened that the mother of the child dying
>at its birth, he was named Brutus; ad after a certain interval,
>agreeably to what the magician had foretold, whilst he was playing
>with some others he shot his father with an arrow, not intentionally
>but by accident. [3]  He was, for this cause, expelled from Italy,
>and came to the islands of the Tyrrhene sea, when he was exiled
>on account of the death of Turnus, slain by Aeneas.  He then went
>among the Gauls, and built the city of the Turones, called Turnis. [4]
>At length he came to this island named from him Britannia, dwelt
>there, and filled it with his own descendants, and it has been
>inhabited from that time to the present period.
>[1] Other MSS. Silvius.
>[2] V.R. Who should slay his father and mother, and be hated by
>all mankind.
>[3] V.R. He displayed such superiority among his play-fellows,
>that they seemed to consider him as their chief.
>[4] Tours.
>
>11. Aeneas reigned over the Latins three years; Ascanius thirty
>three years; after whom Silvius reigned twelve years, and Posthumus
>thirty-nine * years: the latter, from whom the kings of Alba are
>called Silvan, was brother to Brutus, who governed Britain at the
>time Eli the high-priest judged Israel, and when the ark of the
>covenant was taken by a foreign people.  But Posthumus his brother
>reigned among the Latins.
>* V.R. Thirty-seven.
>
>12. After an interval of not less than eight hundred years, came
>the Picts, and occupied the Orkney Islands: whence they laid waste
>many regions, and seized those on the left hand side of Britain,
>where they still remain, keeping possession of a third part of
>Britain to this day. *
>* See Bede's Eccles. Hist.
>
>13. Long after this, the Scots arrived in Ireland from Spain.
>The first that came was Partholomus,[1] with a thousand men and
>women; these increased to four thousand; but a mortality coming
>suddenly upon them, they all perished in one week.  The second
>was Nimech, the son of...,[2] who, according to report, after
>having been at sea a year and a half, and having his ships shat-
>tered, arrived at a port in Ireland, and continuing there several
>years, returned at length with his followers to Spain.  After these
>came three sons of a Spanish soldier with thirty ships, each of
>which contained thirty wives; and having remained there during the
>space of a year, there appeared to them, in the middle of the sea,
>a tower of glass, the summit of which seemed covered with men, to
>whom they often spoke, but received no answer.  At length they
>determined to besiege the tower; and after a year's preparation,
>advanced towards it, with the whole number of their ships, and all
>the women, one ship only excepted, which had been wrecked, and in
>which were thirty men, and as many women; but when all had disem-
>barked on the shore which surrounded the tower, the sea opened and
>swallowed them up.  Ireland, however, was peopled, to the present
>period, from the family remaining in the vessel which was wrecked.
>Afterwards, other came from Spain, and possessed themselves of
>various parts of Britain.
>[1] V.R. Partholomaeus, or Bartholomaeus.
>[2] A blank is here in the MS.  Agnomen is found in some of the
>others.
>
>14. Last of all came one Hoctor,[1] who continued there, and whose
>descendants remain there to this day.  Istoreth, the son of
>Istorinus, with his followers, held Dalrieta; Buile had the island
>Eubonia, and other adjacent places.  The sons of Liethali[2] obtained
>the country of the dimetae, where is a city called Menavia,[3] and
>the province Guiher and Cetgueli, [4] which they held till they
>were expelled from every part of Britain, by Cunedda and his sons.
>[1] V.R. Damhoctor, Clamhoctor, and Elamhoctor.
>[2] V.R. Liethan, Bethan, Vethan.
>[3] St. David's.
>[4] Guiher, probably the Welsh district Gower.  Cetgueli is Caer
>Kidwelly, in Carmarthenshire.
>
>15. According to the most learned among the Scots, if any one
>desires  to learn what I am now going to state, Ireland was a
>desert, and uninhabited, when the children of Israel crossed the
>Red Sea, in which, as we read in the Book of the Law, the Egyptians
>who followed them were drowned.  At that period, there lived among
>this people, with a numerous family, a Scythian of noble birth,
>who had been banished from his country and did not go to pursue
>the people of God.  The Egyptians who were left, seeing the
>destruction of the great men of their nation, and fearing lest he
>should possess himself of their territory, took counsel together,
>and expelled him.  Thus reduced, he wandered forty-two years in
>Africa, and arrived, with his family, at the altars of the Philis-
>tines, by the Lake of Osiers.  Then passing between Rusicada and
>the hilly country of Syria, they travelled by the river Malva
>through Mauritania as far as the Pillars of Hercules; and crossing
>the Tyrrhene Sea, landed in Spain, where they continued many years,
>having greatly increased and multiplied.  Thence, a thousand and
>two years after the Egyptians were lost in the Red Sea, they passed
>into Ireland, and the district of Dalrieta.* At that period, Brutus,
>who first exercised the consular office, reigned over the Romans;
>and the state, which before was governed by regal power, was
>afterwards ruled, during four hundred and forty-seven years, by
>consuls, tribunes of the people, and dictators.
>* North-western part of Antrim in Ulster.
>
>The Britons came to Britain in the third age of the world; and in
>the fourth, the Scots took possession of Ireland.
>
>The Britons who, suspecting no hostilities, were unprovided with
>the means of defence, were unanimously and incessantly attacked,
>both by the Scots from the west, and by the Picts from the north.
>A long interval after this, the Romans obtained the empire of the
>world.
>
>16. From the first arrival of the Saxons into Britain, to the
>fourth year of king Mermenus, are computed four hundred and twenty
>eight years; from the nativity of our Lord to the coming of St.
>Patrick among the Scots, four hundred and five years; from the
>death of St. Patrick to that of St. Bridget, forty years; and from
>the birth of Columeille[1] to the death of St Bridget four years.[2]
>[1] V.R. Columba.
>[2] Some MSS. add, the beginning of the calculation is 23 cycles
>of 19 years from the incarnation of our Lord to the arrival of
>St. Patrick in Ireland, and they make 438 years.  And from the
>arrival of St. Patrick to the cycle of 19 years in which we live
>are 22 cycles, which make 421 years.
>
>17. I have learned another account of this Brutus from the ancient
>books of our ancestors.* After the deluge, the three sons of Noah
>severally occupied three different parts of the earth: Shem extended
>his borders into Asia, Ham into Africa, and Japheth in Europe.
>* This proves the tradition of Brutus to be older than Geoffrey
>or Tyssilio, unless these notices of Brutus have been interpolated
>in the original work of Nennius.
>
>The first man that dwelt in Europe was Alanus, with his three sons,
>Hisicion, Armenon, and Neugio.  Hisicion had four sons, Francus,
>Romanus, Alamanus, and Brutus.  Armenon had five sons, Gothus,
>Valagothus, Cibidus, Burgundus, and Longobardus.  Neugio had three
>sons, Vandalus, Saxo, and Boganus.  From Hisicion arose four
>nations--the Franks, the Latins, the Germans, and Britons: from
>Armenon, the Gothi, Balagothi, Cibidi, Burgundi, and Longobardi:
>from Neugio, the Bogari, Vandali, Saxones, and Tarinegi.  The
>whole of Europe was subdivided into these tribes.
>
>Alanus is said to have been the son of Fethuir;* Fethuir, the son
>of Ogomuin, who was the son of Thoi; Thoi was the son of Boibus,
>Boibus of Semion, Semion of Mair, Mair of Ecthactus, Ecthactus of
>Aurthack, Aurthack of Ethec, Ethec of Ooth, Ooth of Aber, Aber of
>Ra, Ra of Esraa, Esraa of Hisrau, Hisrau of Bath, Bath of Jobath,
>Jobath of Joham, Joham of Japheth, Japheth of Noah, Noah of Lamech,
>Lamech of Mathusalem, Mathusalem of Enoch, Enoch of Jared, Jared
>of Malalehel, Malalehel of Cainan, Cainan of Enos, Enos of Seth,
>Seth of Adam, and Adam was formed by the living God.  We have
>obtained this information respecting the original inhabitants of
>Britain from ancient tradition.
>* This genealogy is different in almost all the MSS.
>
>18. The Britons were thus called from Brutus: Brutus was the son
>of Hisicion, Hisicion was the son of Alanus, Alanus was the son
>of Rhea Silvia, Fhea Silvia was the daughter of Numa Pompilius,
>Numa was the son of Ascanius, Ascanius of Eneas, Eneas of Anchises,
>Anchises of Troius, Troius of Dardanus, Dardanus of Flisa, Flisa
>of Juuin, Juuin of Japheth; but Japheth had seven sons; from the
>first named Gomer, descended the Galli; from the second, Magog, the
>Scythi and Gothi; from the third, Madian, the Medi; from the fourth,
>Juuan, the Greeks; from the fifth, Tubal, arose the Hebrei, Hispani,
>and Itali; from the sixth, Mosoch, sprung the Cappadoces; and from
>the seventh, named Tiras, descended the Thraces: these are the sons
>of Japheth, the son of Noah, the son of Lamech.
>
>19.* The Romans, having obtained the dominion of the world, sent
>legates or deputies to the Britons to demand of them hostages and
>tribute, which they received from all other countries and islands;
>but they, fierce, disdainful, and haughty, treated the legation
>with contempt.
>* Some MSS. add, I will now return to the point from which I made
>this digression.
>
>Then Julius Caesar, the first who had acquired absolute power at
>Rome, highly incensed against the Britons, sailed with sixty
>vessels to the mouth of the Thames, where they suffered shipwreck
>whilst he fought against Dolobellus, (the proconsul of the British
>king, who was called Belinus, and who was the son of Minocannus
>who governed all the islands of the Tyrrhene Sea), and thus Julius
>Caesar returned home without victory, having had his soldiers
>Slain, and his ships shattered.
>
>20. But after three years he again appeared with a large army,
>and three hundred ships, at the mouth of the Thames, where he
>renewed hostilities.  In this attempt many of his soldiers and
>horses were killed; for the same consul had placed iron pikes in
>the shallow part of the river, and this having been effected with
>so much skill and secrecy as to escape the notice of the Roman
>soldiers, did them considerable injury; thus Caesar was once more
>compelled to return without peace or victory.  The Romans were,
>therefore, a third time sent against the Britons; and under the
>command of Julius, defeated them near a place called Trinovantum
>[London], forty-seven years before the birth of Christ, and five
>thousand two hundred and twelve years from the creation.
>
>Julius was the first exercising supreme power over the Romans who
>invaded Britain: in honour of him the Romans decreed the fifth month
>to be called after his name.  He was assassinated in the Curia, in
>the ides of March, and Octavius Augustus succeeded to the empire
>of the world.  He was the only emperor who received tribute from
>the Britons, according to the following verse of Virgil: "Purpurea
>intexti tollunt aulaea Britanni."
>
>21. The second after him, who came into Britain, was the emperor
>Claudius, who reigned forty-seven years after the birth of Christ.
>He carried with him war and devastation; and, though not without
>loss of men, he at length conquered Britain.  He next sailed to
>the Orkneys, which he likewise conquered, and afterwards rendered
>tributary.  No tribute was in his time received from the Britons;
>but it was paid to British emperors.  He reigned thirteen years
>and eight months.  His monument is to be seen at Moguntia (among
>the Lombards), where he died in his way to Rome.
>
>22. After the birth of Christ, one hundred and sixty-seven years,
>king Lucius, with all the chiefs of the British people, received
>baptism, in consequence of a legation sent by the Roman emperors
>and pope Evaristus.*
>* V.R. Eucharistus.  A marginal note in the Arundel MS. adds,
>"He is wrong, because the first year of Evaristus was A.D. 79,
>whereas the first year of Eleutherius, whom he ought to have
>named, was A.D. 161."  Usher says, that in one MS. of Nennius he
>found the name of Eleutherius.
>
>23. Severus was the third emperor who passed the sea to Britain,
>where, to protect the provinces recovered from barbaric incursions,
>he ordered a wall and a rampart to be made between the Britons, the
>Scots, and the Picts, extending across the island from sea to sea,
>in length one hundred and thirty-three miles: and it is called in
>the British language Gwal.*  Moreover, he ordered it to be made
>between the Britons, and the Picts and Scots; for the Scots from
>the west, and the Picts from the north, unanimously made war
>against the Britons; but were at peace among themselves.  Not long
>after Severus dies in Britain.
>*Or, the Wall.  One MS. here adds, "The above-mentioned Severus
>constructed it of rude workmanship in length 132 miles; i.e. from
>Penguaul, which village is called in Scottish Cenail, in English
>Peneltun, to the mouth of the river Cluth and Cairpentaloch, where
>this wall terminates; but it was of no avail.  The emperor Carausius
>afterwards rebuilt it, and fortified it with seven castles between
>the two mouths: he built also a round house of polished stones on
>the banks of the river Carun [Carron]: he likewise erected a
>triumphal arch, on which he inscribed his own name in memory of
>his victory.
>
>24. The fourth was the emperor and tyrant, Carausius, who, incensed
>at the murder of Severus, passed into Britain, and attended by the
>leaders of the Roman people, severely avenged upon the chiefs and
>rulers of the Britons, the cause of Severus.*
>* This passage is corrupt, the meaning is briefly given in the
>translation.
>
>25. The fifth was Constantius the father of Constantine the Great.
>He died in Britain; his sepulchre, as it appears by the inscription
>on his tomb, is still seen near the city named Cair segont (near
>Carnarvon).  Upon the pavement of the above-mentioned city he sowed
>three seeds of gold, silver and brass, that no poor person might
>ever be found in it.  It is also called Minmanton.*
>* V.R. Mirmantum, Mirmantun, Minmanto, Minimantone.  The Segontium
>of Antoninus, situated on a small river named Seiont, near Carnarvon.
>
>26. Maximianus[1] was the sixth emperor that ruled in Britain. It
>was in his time that consuls[2] began, and that the appellation of
>Caesar was discontinued: at this period also, St. Martin became
>celebrated for his virtues and miracles, and held a conversation
>with him.
>[1] This is an inaccuracy of Nennius; Maximus and Maximianus were
>one and the same person; or rather no such person as Maximianus
>ever reigned in Britain.
>[2] Geoffrey of Monmouth gives the title of consul to several
>British generals who lived after this time.  It is not unlikely
>that the town, name, and dignity, still lingered in the provinces
>after the Romans were gone, particularly as the cities of Britain
>maintained for a time a species of independence.
>
>27. The seventh emperor was Maximus.  He withdrew from Britain
>with all his military force, slew Gratian, the king of the Romans,
>and obtained the sovereignty of all Europe.  Unwilling to send
>back his warlike companions to their wives, children, and possessions
>in Britain, he conferred upon them numerous districts from the lake
>on the summit of Mons Jovis, to the city called Cant Guic, and to
>the western Tumulus, that is, to Cruc Occident.* These are the
>Armoric Britons, and they remain there to the present day.  In
>consequence of their absence, Britain being overcome by foreign
>nations, the lawful heirs were cast out, till God interposed with
>his assistance.  We are informed by the tradition of our ancestors
>that seven emperors went into Britain, though the Romans affirm
>there were nine.
>* This district, in modern language, extended from the great St.
>Bernard in Piedmont to Cantavic in Picardy, and from Picardy to
>the western coast of France.
>
>28. Thus, aggreeably to the account given by the Britons, the
>Romans governed them four hundred and nine years.
>
>After this, the Britons despised the authority of the Romans,
>equally refusing to pay them tribute, or to receive their kings;
>nor durst the Romans any longer attempt the government of a country,
>the natives of which massacred their deputies.
>
>29. We must now return to the tyrant Maximus.  Gratian, with his
>brother Valentinian, reigned seven years.  Ambrose, bishop of Milan,
>was then eminent for his skill in the dogmata of the Catholics.
>Valentinianus and Theodosius reigned eight years.  At that time
>a synod was held at Constantinople, attended by three hundred and
>fifty of the fathers, and in which all heresies were condemned.
>Jerome, the presbyter of Bethlehem, was then universally celebrated.
>Whilst Gratian exercised supreme dominion over the world, Maximus,
>in a sedition of the soldiers, was saluted emperor in Britain, and
>soon after crossed the sea to Gaul.  At Paris, by the treachery
>of Mellobaudes, his master of the horse, Gratian was defeated and
>fleeing to Lyons, was taken and put to death; Maximus afterwards
>associated his son victor in the government.
>
>Martin, distinguished for his great virtues, was at this period
>bishop of Tours.  After a considerable space of time, Maximus
>was divested of royal power by the consuls Valentinianus and
>Theodosius, and sentenced to be beheaded at the third mile-stone
>from Aquileia: in the same year also his son Victor was killed in
>Gaul by Arbogastes, five thousand six hundred and ninety years
>from the creation of the world.
>
>30. Thrice were the Roman deputies put to death by the Britons,
>and yet these, when harassed by the incursions of the barbarous
>nations, viz. Of the Scots and Picts, earnestly solicited the aid
>of the Romans.  To give effect to their entreaties, ambassadors
>were sent, who made their entrance with impressions of deep sorrow,
>having their heads covered with dust, and carrying rich presents,
>to expiate the murder of the deputies.  They were favourably
>received by the consuls, and swore submission to the Roman yoke,
>with whatever severity it might be imposed.
>
>The Romans, therefore, came with a powerful army to the assistance
>of the Britons; and having appointed over them a ruler, and settled
>the government, returned to Rome: and this took place alternately
>during the space of three hundred and forty-eight years.  The
>Britons, however, from the oppression of the empire, again massacred
>The Roman deputies, and again petitioned for succour.  Once more
>the Romans undertook the government of the Britons, and assisted
>them in repelling their neighbours; and, after having exhausted
>the country of its gold, silver, brass, honey, and costly vestments,
>and having besides received rich gifts, they returned in great
>triumph to Rome.
>
>31. After the above-said war between the Britons and Romans, the
>assassination of their rulers, and the victory of Maximus, who
>slew Gratian, and the termination of the Roman power in Britain,
>they were in alarm forty years.
>
>Vortigern then reigned in Britain.  In his time, the natives had
>cause of dread, not only from the inroads of the Scots and Picts,
>but also from the Romans, and their apprehensions of Ambrosius.*
>* These words relate evidently to some cause of dispute between
>the Romans, Ambrosius, and Vortigern.  Vortigern is said to have
>been sovereign of the Dimetae, and Ambrosius son to the king of
>the Damnonii.  The latter was half a Roman by descent, and naturally
>supported the Roman interest: the former was entirely a Briton,
>and as naturally seconded by the original Britons.
>
>In the meantime, three vessels, exiled from Germany, arrived in
>Britain.  They were commanded by Horsa and Hengist, brothers, and
>sons of Wihtgils.  Wihtgils was the son of Witta; Witta of Wecta;
>Wecta of Woden; Woden of Frithowald; Frithowald of Frithuwulf;
>Frithuwulf of Finn; Finn of Godwulf; Godwulf of Geat, who, as they
>say, was the son of a god, not[1] of the omnipotent God and our
>Lord Jesus Christ (who before the beginning of the world, was with
>the Father and the Holy Spirit, co-eternal and of the same substance,
>and who, in compassion to human nature, disdained not to assume
>the form of a servant), but the offspring of one of their idols,
>and whom, blinded by some demon, they worshipped according to the
>custom of the heathen.  Vortigern received them as friends, and
>delivered up to them the island which is in their language called
>Thanet, and, by the Britons, Ruym.[2]  Gratianus Aequantius at
>that time reigned in Rome.  The Saxons were received by Vortigern,
>four hundred and forty-seven years after the passion of Christ,
>and,[3] according to the tradition of our ancestors, from the
>period of their first arrival in Britain, to the first year of
>the reign of king Edmund, five hundred and forty-two years; and
>to that in which we now write, which is the fifth of his reign,
>five hundred and forty-seven years.
>[1] V.R. not the God of gods, the Amen, the Lord of Hosts, but one
>of their idols which they worshipped.
>[2] Sometimes called Ruoichin, Ruith-in, or "river island," separated
>from the rest of Kent and the mainland of Britain by the estuary
>of the Wantsum, which, though now a small brook, was formerly
>navigable for large vessels, and in Bede's time was three stadia
>broad, and fordable only at two places.
>[3] The rest of this sentence is omitted in some of the MSS.
>
>32. At that time St. Germanus, distinguished for his numerous
>virtues, came to preach in Britain: by his ministry many were saved;
>but many likewise died unconverted.  Of the various miracles which
>God enabled him to perform, I shall here mention only a few: I
>shall first advert to that concerning an iniquitous and tyrannical
>king, named Benlli.* The holy man, informed of his wicked conduct,
>hastened to visit him, for the purpose of remonstrating him.  When
>the man of God, with his attendants, arrived at the gate of the
>city, they were respectfully received by the keeper of it, who
>came out and saluted them.  Him they commissioned to communicate
>their intention to the king, who returned a harsh answer, declaring,
>with an oath, that although they remained there a year, they should
>not enter the city.  While waiting for an answer, the evening came
>on, and they knew not where to go.  At length, came one of the
>king's servants, who bowing himself before the man of God, announced
>the words of the tyrant, inviting them, at the same time, to his
>own house, to which they went, and were kindly received.  It
>happened, however, that he had no cattle, except one cow and a
>calf, the latter of which, urged by generous hospitality to his
>guests, he killed, dressed and set before them.  But holy St.
>Germanus ordered his companions not to break a bone of the calf;
>and, the next morning, it was found alive uninjured, and standing
>by its mother.
>* King of Powys.  V.R. Benli in the district of Ial (in Derbyshire);
>in the district of Dalrieta; Belinus; Beluni; and Benty.
>
>33. Early the same day, they again went to the gate of the city,
>to solicit audience of the wicked king; and, whilst engaged in
>fervent prayer they were waiting for admission, a man, covered
>with sweat, came out, and prostrated himself before them.  Then
>St. Germanus, addressing him, said "Dost thou believe in the Holy
>Trinity?"  To which the man having replied, "I do believe," he
>baptized, and kissed him, saying, "Go in peace; within this hour
>thou shalt die: the angels of God are waiting for thee in the air;
>with them thou shalt ascent to that God in whom thou has believed.:
>He, overjoyed, entered the city, and being met by the prefect, was
>seized, bound, and conducted before the tyrant, who having passed
>sentence upon him, he was immediately put to death; for it was a
>law of this wicked king, that whoever was not at his labour before
>sun-rising should be beheaded in the citadel.  In the meantime,
>St. Germanus, with his attendants, waited the whole day before
>the gate, without obtaining admission to the tyrant.
>
>34. The man above-mentioned, however, remained with them.  "Take
>care," said St. Germanus to him, "that none of your friends remain
>this night within these walls.  Upon this he hastily entered the
>city, brought out his nine sons, and with them retired to the house
>where he had exercised such generous hospitality.  Here St. Germanus
>ordered them to continue, fasting; and when the gates were shut,
>"Watch," said he, "and whatever shall happen in the citadel, turn
>not thither your eyes; but pray without ceasing, and invoke the
>protection of the true God."  And, behold, early in the night,
>fire fell from heaven, and burned the city, together with all those
>who were with the tyrant, so that not one escaped; and that citadel
>has never been rebuilt even to this day.
>
>35. The following day, the hospitable man who had been converted
>by the preaching of St. Germanus, was baptized, with his sons, and
>all the inhabitants of that part of the country; and St. Germanus
>blessed him, saying, "a king shall not be wanting of thy seed for
>ever."  The name of this person is Catel Drunlue:* "from hence-
>forward thou shalt be a king all the days of thy life."  Thus was
>fulfilled the prophecy of the Psalmist: "He raiseth up the poor
>out of the dust, and lifteth up the needy out of the dunghill."
>And agreeably to the prediction of St. Germanus, from a servant
>he became a king: all his sons were kings, and from their offspring
>the whole country of Powys has been governed to this day.
>* Or Cadell Deyrnllug, prince of the Vale Royal and the upper
>part of Powys.
>
>36. After the Saxons had continued some time in the island of
>Thanet, Vortigern promised to supply them with clothing and
>provision, on condition they would engage to fight against the
>enemies of his country.  But the barbarians having greatly increased
>in number, the Britons became incapable of fulfilling their
>engagement; and when the Saxons, according to the promise they
>had received, claimed a supply of provisions and clothing, the
>Britons replied, "Your number is increased; your assistance is
>now unneccessary; you may, therefore, return home, for we can no
>longer support you;" and hereupon they began to devise means of
>breaking the peace between them.
>
>37. But Hengist, in whom united craft and penetration, perceiving
>he had to act with an ignorant king, and a fluctuating people,
>incapable of opposing much resistance, replied to Vortigern, "We
>are, indeed, few in number; but, if you will give us leave, we
>will send to our country for an additional number of forces, with
>whom we will fight for you and your subjects."  Vortigern assenting
>to this proposal, messengers were despatched to Scythia, where
>selecting a number of warlike troops, they returned with sixteen
>vessels, bringing with them the beautiful daughter of Hengist.
>And now the Saxon chief prepared an entertainment, to which he
>invited the king, his officers, and Ceretic, his interpreter,
>having previously enjoined his daughter to serve them so profusely
>with wine and ale, that they might soon become intoxicated.  This
>plan succeeded; and Vortigern, at the instigation of the devil,
>and enamoured with the beauty of the damsel, demanded her, through
>the medium of his interpreter, of the father, promising to give
>for her whatever he should ask.  Then Hengist, who had already
>consulted with the elders who attended him of the Oghgul[1] race,
>demanded for his daughter the province, called in English, Centland,
>in British, Ceint, (Kent.)  This cession was made without the
>knowledge of the king, Guoyrancgonus,[2] who then reigned in Kent,
>and who experienced no inconsiderable share of grief, from seeing
>his kingdom thus clandestinely, fraudulently, and imprudently
>resigned to foreigners.  Thus the maid was delivered up to the
>king, who slept with her, and loved her exceedingly.
>[1] V.R. Who had come with him from the island of Oghgul, Oehgul
>(or Tingle), Angul.  According to Gunn, a small island in the
>duchy of Sleswick in Denmark, now called Angel, of which Flensburg
>is the metropolis.  Hence the origin of the Angles.
>[2] V.R. Gnoiram cono, Goiranegono, Guiracgono.  Malmesbury,
>Gorongi; Camden, Guorong, supposed to mean governor, or viceroy.
>
>38. Hengist, after this, said to Vortigern, "I will be to you
>both a father and an adviser; despise not my counsels, and you
>shall have no reason to fear being conquered by any man or any
>nation whatever; for the people of my country are strong, warlike,
>and robust: if you approve, I will send for my son and his brother,
>both valiant men, who at my invitation will fight against the
>Scots, and you can give them the countries in the north, near the
>wall called Gual."[1] The incautious sovereign having assented
>to this, Octa and Ebusa arrived with forty ships.  In these they
>sailed round the country of the Picts, laid waste the Orkneys, and
>took possession of many regions, even to the Pictish confines.[2]
>[1] Antoninus's wall.
>[2] Some MSS. add, "beyond the Frenesic, Fresicum (or Fresic) sea,"
>i.e. which is between us and the Scotch.  The sea between Scotland
>and Ireland.  Camden translates it "beyond the Frith;" Langhorne
>says, "Solway Frith."
>
>But Hengist continued, by degrees, sending for ships from his own
>country, so that some islands whence they came were left without
>inhabitants; and whilst his people were increasing in power and
>number, they came to the above-named province of Kent.
>
>39. In the meantime, Vortigern, as if desirous of adding to the
>evils he had already occasioned, married his own daughter, by whom
>he had a son.  When this was made known to St. Germanus, he came,
>with all the British clergy, to reprove him: and whilst a numerous
>assembly of the ecclesiastics and laity were in consultation, the
>weak king ordered his daughter to appear before them, and in the
>presence of all to present her son to St. Germanus, and declare
>that he was the father of the child.  The immodest* woman obeyed;
>and St. Germanus, taking the child, said, "I will be a father to
>you, my son; nor will I dismiss you till a razor, scissors, and
>comb, are given to me, and it is allowed you to give them to your
>carnal father."  The child obeyed St. Germanus, and going to his
>father Vortigern, said to him, "Thou art my father; shave and cut
>the hair of my head."  The king blushed, and was silent; and,
>without replying to the child, arose in great anger, and fled from
>the presence of St. Germanus, execrated and condemned by the whole
>synod.
>[1] V.R. "Immodest" is omitted in some MSS.
>
>40. But soon after, calling together his twelve wise men, to
>consult what was to be done, they said to him, "Retire to the
>remote boundaries of your kingdom; there build and fortify a city[1]
>to defend yourself, for the people you have received are treacherous;
>they are seeking to subdue you by stratagem, and, even during your
>life, to seize upon all the countries subject to your power, how
>much more will they attempt, after your death!"  The king, pleased
>with this advice, departed with his wise men, and travelled through
>many parts of his territories, in search of a place convenient
>for the purpose of building a citadel.  Having, to no purpose,
>travelled far and wide, they came at length to a province called
>Guenet;[2] and having surveyed the mountains of Heremus,[3] they
>discovered, on the summit of one of them, a situation, adapted to
>the consturction of a citadel.  Upon this, the wise men said to
>the king, "Build here a city: for, in this place, it will ever be
>secure against the barbarians."  Then the king sent for artificers,
>carpenters, stone-masons, and collected all the materials requisite
>to building; but the whole of these disappeared in one night, so
>that nothing remained of what had been provided for the constructing
>of the citadel.  Materials were, therefore, from all parts, procured
>a second and third time, and again vanished as before, leaving and
>rendering every effort ineffectual.  Vortigern inquired of his wise
>men the cause of this opposition to his undertaking, and of so much
>useless expense of labour?  They replied, "You must find a child
>born without a father, put him to death, and sprinkle with his
>blood the ground on which the citadel is to be built, or you will
>never accomplish your purpose."
>[1] V.R. You shall find a fortified city in which you may defend
>yourself.
>[2] V.R. Guined, Guoienet, Guenez, North Wales.
>[3] V.R. Heremi, Heriri, or Eryri, signifying eagle rocks, the
>mountains of Snowdon, in Carnarvonshire.  The spot alluded to is
>supposed to be Dinas Emrys, or the fortress of Ambrosius.
>
>41. In consequence of this reply, the king sent messengers through-
>out Britain, in search of a child born without a father.  After
>having inquired in all the provinces, they came to the field of
>Aelecti,[1] in the district of Glevesing,[2] where a party of boys
>were playing at ball.  And two of them quarrelling, one said to
>the other, "O boy without a father, no good will ever happen to
>you."  Upon this, the messengers diligently inquired of the mother
>and the other boys, whether he had had a father?  Which his mother
>denied, saying, "In what manner he was conceived I know not, for
>I have never had intercourse with any man;" and then she solemnly
>affirmed that he had no mortal father.  The boy was, therefore,
>led away, and conducted before Vortigern the king.
>[1] V.R. Elleti, Electi, Gleti.  Supposed to be Bassalig in
>Monmouthshire.
>[2] The district between the Usk and Rumney, in Monmouthshire.
>
>42. A meeting took place the next day for the purpose of putting
>him to death.  Then the boy said to the king, "Why have your
>servants brought me hither?"  "That you may be put to death,"
>replied the king, "and that the ground on which my citadel is to
>stand, may be sprinkled with your blood, without which I shall be
>unable to build it."  "Who," said the boy, "instructed you to do
>this?"  "My wise men," answered the king.  "Order them hither,"
>returned the boy; this being complied with, he thus questioned
>them: "By what means was it revealed to you that this citadel
>could not be built, unless the spot were previously sprinkled with
>my blood?  Speak without disguise, and declare who discovered me
>to you;" then turning to the king, "I will soon," said he, "unfold
>to you every thing; but I desire to question your wise men, and
>wish them to disclose to you what is hidden under this pavement:"
>they acknowledging their ignorance, "there is," said he, "a pool;
>come and dig:" they did so, and found the pool.  "Now," continued
>he, "tell me what is in it;" but they were ashamed, and made no
>reply.  "I," said the boy, "can discover it to you: there are two
>vases in the pool;" they examined and found it so: continuing his
>questions, "What is in the vases?" they were silent: "there is a
>tent in them," said the boy; "separate them, and you shall find
>it so;" this being done by the king's command, there was found in
>them a folded tent.  The boy, going on with his questions, asked
>the wise men what was in it?  But they not knowing what to reply,
>"There are," said he, "two serpents, one white and the other red;
>unfold the tent;" they obeyed, and two sleeping serpents were
>discovered; "consider attentively," said the boy, "what they are
>doing."  The serpents began to struggle with each other; and the
>white one, raising himself up, threw down the other into the middle
>of the tent, and sometimes drove him to the edge of it; and this
>was repeated thrice.  At length the red one, apparently the weaker
>of the two, recovering his strength, expelled the white one from
>the tent; and the latter being pursued through the pool by the
>red one, disappeared.  Then the boy, asking the wise men what
>was signified by this wonderful omen, and they expressing their
>ignorance, he said to the king, "I will now unfold to you the
>meaning of this mystery.  The pool is the emblem of this world,
>and the tent that of your kingdom: the two serpents are two dragons;
>the red serpent is your dragon, but the white serpent is the
>dragon of the people who occupy several provinces and districts of
>Britain, even almost from sea to sea: at length, however, our
>people shall rise and drive away the Saxon race from beyond the
>sea, whence they originally came; but do you depart from this
>place, where you are not permitted to erect a citadel; I, to whom
>fate has allotted this mansion, shall remain here; whilst to you
>it is incumbent to seek other provinces, where you may build a
>fortress."  "What is your name?" asked the king; "I am called
>Ambrose (in British Embresguletic)," returned the boy; and in
>answer to the king's question, "What is your origin?" he replied,
>"A Roman consul was my father."
>
>Then the king assigned him that city, with all the western
>Provinces of Britain; and departing with his wise men to the
>sinistral district, he arrived in the region named Gueneri, where
>he built a city which, according to his name, was called Cair
>Guorthegirn.*
>* An ancient scholiast adds, "He then built Guasmoric, near
>Lugubalia [Carlisle], a city which in English is called Palmecaster."
>Some difference of opinion exists among antiquaries respecting the
>site of vortigern's castle or city.  Usher places it at Gwent,
>Monmouthshire, which name, he ways, was taken from Caer-Went, near
>Chepstow.  This appears to agree with Geoffrey's account, {illegible}
>See Usher's Britan. Eccles. cap. v. p.23.  According to others,
>supposed to be the city from the ruins of which arose the castle
>of Gurthrenion, in Radnorshire, Camden's Britannia, p.479.  Whitaker,
>however, says that Cair Guorthegirn was the Maridunum of the
>Romans, and the present Caermarthen.  (Hist. Of Manchester, book
>ii. c. 1.)  See also Nennius, sec.47.
>
>43. At length Vortimer, the son of Vortigern, valiantly fought
>against Hengist, Horsa, and his people; drove them to the isle of
>Thanet, and thrice enclosed them within it, and beset them on the
>Western side.
>
>The Saxons now despatched deputies to Germany to solicit large
>reinforcements, and an additional number of ships: having obtained
>these, they fought against the kings and princes of Britain, and
>sometimes extended their boundaries by victory, and sometimes were
>conquered and driven back.
>
>44. Four times did Vortimer valorously encounter the enemy;[1]
>the first has been mentioned, the second was upon the river Darent,
>the third at the Ford, in their language called Epsford, though
>in ours Set thirgabail,[2] there Horsa fell, and Catigern, the son
>of Vortigern; the fourth battle he fought was near the stone[3]
>on the shore of the Gallic sea, where the Saxons being defeated,
>fled to their ships.
>[1] Some MSS. here add, "This Vortimer, the son of Vortigern, in
>a synod held at Guartherniaun, after the wicked king, on account
>of the incest committed with his daughter, fled from the face of
>Germanus and the British clergy, would not consent to his father's
>wickedness; but returning to St. Germanus, and falling down at his
>feet, he sued for pardon; and in atonement for the calumny brought
>upon Germanus by his father and sister, gave him the land, in which
>the forementioned bishop had endured such abuse, to be his for ever.
>Whence, in memory of St. Germanus, it received the name Guarenniaun
>(Guartherniaun, Gurthrenion, Gwarth Ennian) which signifies, a
>calumny justly retorted, since, when he thought to reproach the
>bishop, he covered himself with reproach."
>[2] According to Langhorne, Epsford was afterwards called, in the
>British tongue, Saessenaeg habail, or 'the slaughter of the Saxons.'
>[3] V.R. "The stone of Titulus, thought to be Stone in Kent, or
>Larger-stone in Suffolk.
>
>After a short interval Vortimer died; before his decease, anxious
>for the future prosperity of his country, he charged his friends
>to inter his body at the entrance of the Saxon port, viz. upon the
>rock where the Saxons first landed; "for though," said he, "they
>may inhabit other parts of Britain, yet if you follow my commands,
>they will never remain in this island."  They imprudently disobeyed
>this last injunction, and neglected to bury him where he had ap-
>pointed.*
>* Rapin says he was buried at Lincoln; Geoffrey, at London.
>
>45. After this the barbarians became firmly incorporated, and
>were assisted by foreign pagans; for Vortigern was their friend,
>on account of the daughter* of Hengist, whom he so much loved,
>that no one durst fight against him-in the meantime they soothed
>the imprudent king, and whilst practising every appearance of
>fondness, were plotting with his enemies.  And let him that reads
>understand, that the Saxons were victorious, and ruled Britain,
>not from their superior prowess, but on account of the great sins
>of the Britons: God so permitting it.
>
>For what wise man will resist the wholesome counsel of God?  The
>Almighty is the King of kings, and the Lord of lords, ruling and
>judging every one, according to his own pleasure.
>
>After the death of Vortimer, Hengist being strengthened by new
>accessions, collected his ships, and calling his leaders together,
>consulted by what stratagem they might overcome Vortigern and his
>army; with insidious intention they sent messengers to the king,
>with offers of peace and perpetual friendship; unsuspicious of
>treachery, the monarch, after advising with his elders, accepted
>the proposals.
>* V.R. Of his wife, and no one was able manfully to drive them
>off because they had occupied Britain not from their own valour,
>but by God's permission.
>
>46. Hengist, under pretence of ratifying the treaty, prepared
>an entertainment, to which he invited the king, the nobles, and
>military officers, in number about three hundred; speciously
>concealing his wicked intention, he ordered three hundred Saxons
>to conceal each a knife under his feet, and to mix with the Britons;
>"and when," said he, "they are sufficiently inebriated, &c. cry out,
>'Nimed eure Saxes,' then let each draw his knife, and kill his
>man; but spare the king, on account of his marriage with my daughter,
>for it is better that he should be ransomed than killed."*
>* The VV. RR. Of this section are too numerous to be inserted.
>
>The king with his company, appeared at the feast; and mixing with
>the Saxons, who, whilst they spoke peace with their tongues,
>cherished treachery in their hearts, each man was placed next to
>his enemy.
>
>After they had eaten and drunk, and were much intoxicated, Hengist
>suddenly vociferated, "Nimed eure Saxes!" and instantly his
>adherents drew their knives, and rushing upon the Britons, each
>slew him that sat next to him, and there was slain three hundred
>of the nobles of Vortigern.  The king being a captive, purchased
>his redemption, by delivering up the three provinces of East,
>South, and Middle Sex, besides other districts at the option of
>his betrayers.
>
>47. St. Germanus admonished Vortigern to turn to the true God,
>and abstain from all unlawful intercourse with his daughter; but
>the unhappy wretch fled for refuge to the province Guorthegirnaim,*
>so called from his own name, where he concealed himself with his
>wives: but St. Germanus followed him with all the British clergy,
>and upon a rock prayed for his sins during forty days and forty
>nights.
>* A district of Radnorshire, forming the present hundred of Rhaiadr.
>
>The Blessed man was unanimously chosen commander against the Saxons.
>And then, not by the clang of trumpets, but by praying, singing
>hallelujah, and by the cries of the army to God, the enemies were
>routed, and driven even to the sea.*
>*V.R. This paragraph is omitted in the MSS.
>
>Again Vortigern ignominiously flew from St. Germanus to the kingdom
>of the Dimetae, where, on the river Towy,* he built a castle, which
>he named Cair Guothergirn.  The saint, as usual, followed him there,
>and with his clergy fasted and prayed to the Lord three days, and
>as many nights.  On the third night, at the third hour, fire fell
>suddenly from heaven, and totally burned the castle.  Vortigern,
>the daughter of Hengist, his other wives, and all the inhabitants,
>both men and women, miserably perished: such was the end of this
>unhappy king, as we find written in the life of St. Germanus.
>*The Tobias of Ptolemy
>
>47. Others assure us, that being hated by all the people of Britain,
>for having received the Saxons, and being publicly charged by St.
>Germanus and the clergy in the sight of God, he betook himself to
>flight; and, that deserted and a wanderer, he sought a place of
>refuge, till broken hearted, he made an ignominious end.
>
>Some accounts state, that the earth opened and swallowed him up,
>on the night his castle was burned; as no remains were discovered
>the following morning, either of him, or of those who were burned
>with him.
>
>He had three sons: the eldest was Vortimer, who, as we have seen,
>fought four times against the Saxons, and put them to flight;
>the second Categirn, who was slain in the same battle with Horsa;
>the third was Pascent, who reigned in the two provinces Builth
>and Guorthegirnaim,[1] after the death of his father.  These
>were granted him by Ambrosius, who was the great king among the
>kings of Britain.  The fourth was Faustus, born of an incestuous
>marriage with his daughter, who was brought up and educated by
>St. Germanus.  He built a large monastery on the banks of the
>river Renis, called after his name, and which remains to the
>present period.[2]
>[1] In the northern part of the present counties of Radnor and
>Brecknock.
>[2] V.R. The MSS. add, 'and he had one daughter, who was the
>mother of St. Faustus.'
>
>49. This is the genealogy of Vortigern, which goes back to
>Fernvail,[1] who reigned in the kingdom of Guorthegirnaim,[2]
>and was the son of Teudor; Teudor was the son of Pascent; Pascent
>of Guoidcant; Guoidcant of Moriud; Moriud of Eltat; Eltat of
>Eldoc; Eldoc of Paul; Paul of Meuprit; Meuprit of Braciat;
>Braciat of Pascent; Pascent of Guorthegirn, Guorthegirn of
>Guortheneu; Guortheneu of Guitaul; Guitaul of Guitolion; Guitolion
>of Gloui.  Bonus, Paul, Mauron, Guotelin, were four brothers, who
>built Gloiuda, a great city upon the banks of the river Severn,
>and in Birtish is called Cair Gloui, in Saxon, Gloucester.  Enough
>has been said of Vortigern.
>[1] Fernvail, or Farinmail, appears to have been king of Gwent
>or Monmouth.
>[2] V.R. 'Two provinces, Builth and Guorthegirnaim.'
>
>50. St. Germanus, after his death, returned into his own country.
>*At that time, the Saxons greatly increased in Britain, both in
>strength and numbers.  And Octa, after the death of his father
>Hengist, came from the sinistral part of the island to the kingdom
>of Kent, and from him have proceeded all the kings of that province,
>to the present period.
>* V.R. All this to the word 'Amen,' in other MSS. is placed after
>the legend of St. Patrick.
>
>Then it was, that the magnanimous Arthur, with all the kings and
>military force of Britain, fought against the Saxons.  And though
>there were many more noble than himself, yet he was twelve times
>chosen their commander, and was as often conqueror.  The first
>battle in which he was engaged, was at the mouth of the river
>Gleni.[1]  The second, third, fourth, and fifth, were on another
>river, by the Britons called Duglas,[2] in the region Linuis.
>The sixth, on the river Bassas.[3] The seventh in the wood Celidon,
>which the Britons call Cat Coit Celidon.[4] The eighth was near
>Gurnion castle,[5] where Arthur bore the image of the Holy Virgin,[6]
>mother of God, upon his shoulders, and through the power of our
>Lord Jesus Christ, and the holy Mary, put the Saxons to flight,
>and pursued them the whole day with great slaughter.[7] The ninth
>was at the City of Legion,[8] which is called Cair Lion.  The
>tenth was on the banks of the river Trat Treuroit.[9] The eleventh
>was on the mountain Breguoin, which we call Cat Bregion.[10] The
>twelfth was a most severe contest, when Arthur penetrated to the
>hill of Badon.[11] In this engagement, nine hundred and forty fell
>by his hand alone, no one but the Lord affording him assistance.
>In all these engagements the Britons were successful.  For no
>strength can avail against the will of the Almighty.
>[1] Supposed by some to be the Glem, in Lincolnshire; but most
>probably the Glen, in the northern part of Northumberland.
>[2] Or Dubglas.  The little river Dunglas, which formed the
>southern boundary of Lothian.  Whitaker says, the river Duglas,
>in Lancashire, near Wigan.
>[3] Not a river, but an isolated rock in the Frith of Forth, near
>the town of North Berwick, called "The Bass."  Some think it is
>the river Lusas, in Hampshire.
>[4] The Caledonian forest; or the forest of Englewood, extending
>from Penrith to Carlisle.
>[5] Variously supposed to be in Cornwall, or Binchester in Durham,
>but most probably the Roman station of Garionenum, near Yarmouth,
>in Norfolk.
>[6] V.R. The image of the cross of Christ, and of the perpetual
>virgin St. Mary.
>[7] V.R. For Arthur proceeded to Jerusalem, and there made a cross
>to the size of the Saviour's cross, and there it was consecrated,
>and for three successive days he fasted, watched, and prayed,
>before the Lord's cross, that the Lord would give him the victory,
>by this sign, over the heathen; which also took place, and he took
>with him the image of St. Mary, the fragments of which are still
>preserved in great veneration at Wedale, in English Wodale, in
>Latin Vallis-doloris.  Wodale is a village in the province of
>Lodonesia, but now of the jurisdiction of the bishop of St. Andrew's,
>of Scotland, six miles on the west of that heretofore noble and
>eminent monastery of Meilros.
>[8] Exeter.
>[9] Or Ribroit, the Brue, in Somersetshire; or the Ribble, in
>Lancashire.
>[10] Or Agned Cathregonion, Cadbury, in Somersetshire; or Edinburgh
>[11] Bath.
>
>The more the Saxons were vanquished, the more they sought for new
>supplies of Saxons from Germany; so that kings, commanders, and
>military bands were invited over from almost every province.  And
>this practice they continued till the reign of Ida, who was the
>son of Eoppa, he, of the Saxon race, was the first king in Bernicia,
>and in Cair Ebrauc (York).
>
>When Gratian Aequantius was consul at rome, because then the whole
>world was governed by the Roman consuls, the Saxons were received
>by Vortigern in the year of our Lord four hundred and forty-seven,
>and to the year in which we now write, five hundred and forty-seven.
>And whosoever shall read herein may receive instruction, the Lord
>Jesus Christ affording assistance, who, co-eternal with the Father
>and the Holy Ghost, lives and reigns for ever and ever.  Amen.
>
>In those days Saint Patrick was captive among the Scots.  His
>master's name was Milcho, to whom he was a swineherd for seven
>years.  When he had attained the age of seventeen he gave him his
>liberty.  By the divine impulse, he applied himself to reading of
>the Scriptures, and afterwards went to Rome; where, replenished
>with the Holy Spirit, he continued a great while, studying the
>sacred mysteries of those writings.  During his continuance there,
>Palladius, the first bishop, was sent by pope Celestine to convert
>the Scots [the Irish].  But tempests and signs from God prevented
>his landing, for no one can arrive in any country, except it be
>allowed from above; altering therefore his course from Ireland,
>he came to Britain and died in the land of the Picts.*
>* At Fordun, in the district of Mearns, in Scotland-Usher.
>
>51. The death of Palladius being known, the Roman patricians,
>Theodosius and Valentinian, then reigning, pope Celestine sent
>Patrick to convert the Scots to the faith of the Holy Trinity;
>Victor, the angel of God, accompanying, admonishing, and assisting
>him, and also the bishop Germanus.
>
>Germanus then sent the ancient Segerus with him as a venerable
>and praiseworthy bishop, to king Amatheus,[1] who lived near, and
>who had prescience of what was to happen; he was consecrated bishop
>in the reign of that king by the holy pontiff,[2] assuming the
>name of Patrick, having hitherto been known by that of Maun;
>Auxilius, Isserninus, and other brothers were ordained with him
>to inferior degrees.
>[1] V.R. Germanus "sent the elder Segerus with him to a wonderful
>man, the holy bishop Amathearex."  Another MS. "Sent the elder
>Segerus, a bishop, with him to Amatheorex."
>[2] V.R. "Received the episcopal degree from the holy bishop
>Amatheorex."  Another MS. "Received the episcopal degree from
>Matheorex and the holy bishop."
>
>52. Having distributed benedictions, and perfected all in the name
>of the Holy Trinity, he embarked on the sea which is between the
>Gauls and the Britons; and after a quick passage arrived in Britain,
>where he preached for some time.  Every necessary preparation being
>made, and the angel giving him warning, he came to the Irish Sea.
>And having filled the ship with foreign gifts and spiritual
>treasures, by the permission of God he arrived in Ireland, where
>he baptized and preached.
>
>53. From the beginning of the world, to the fifth year of king
>Logiore, when the Irish were baptized, and faith in the unity of
>the individual Trinity was published to them, are five thousand
>three hundred and thirty years.
>
>54. Saint Patrick taught the gospel in foreign nations for the
>space of forty years.  Endued with apostolical powers, he gave
>sight to the blind, cleansed the lepers, gave hearing to the deaf,
>cast out devils, raised nine from the dead, redeemed many captives
>of both sexes at his own charge, and set them free in the name of
>the Holy Trinity.  He taught the servants of God, and he wrote
>three hundred and sixty-five canonical and other books relating
>to the catholic faith.  He founded as many churches, and consecrated
>the same number of bishops, strengthening them with the Holy Ghost.
>He ordained three thousand presbyters; and converted and baptized
>twelve thousand persons in the province of Connaught.  And, in
>one day baptized seven kings, who were the seven sons of Amalgaid.[1]
>He continued fasting forty days and nights, on the summit of the
>mountain Eli, that is Cruachan-Aichle;[2] and preferred three
>petitions to God for the Irish, that had embraced the faith.
>The Scots say, the first was, that he would receive every repenting
>sinner, even at the latest extremity of life; the second, that
>they should never be exterminated by barbarians; and the third,
>that as Ireland[3] will be overflowed with water, seven years
>before the coming of our Lord to judge the quick and the dead, the
>crimes of the people might be washed away through his intercession,
>and their souls purified at the last day.  He gave the people his
>benediction from the upper part of the mountain, and going up
>higher, that he might pray for them; and that if it pleased God,
>he might see the effects of his labours, there appeared to him an
>innumerable flock of birds of many coulours, signifying the number
>of holy persons of both sexes of the Irish nation, who should come
>to him as their apostle at the day of judgment, to be presented
>before the tribunal of Christ.  After a life spent in the active
>exertion of good to mankind, St. Patrick, in a healthy old age,
>passed from this world to the Lord, and changing this life for a
>better, with the saints and elect of God he rejoices for evermore.
>[1] King of Connaught.
>[2] A mountain in the west of Connaught, county of Mayo, now
>called Croagh-Patrick.
>[3] V.R. that no Irishman may be alive on the day of judgment,
>because they will be destroyed seven years before in honour of
>St. Patrick.
>
>55. Saint Patrick resembled Moses in four particulars.  The angel
>spoke to him in the burning bush.  He fasted forty days and forty
>nights upon the mountain.  He attained the period of one hundred
>and twenty years.  No one knows his sepulchre, nor where he was
>buried; sixteen[1] years he was in captivity.  In his twenty-fifth
>year, he was consecrated bishop by Saint Matheus,[2] and he was
>eighty-five years the apostle of the Irish.  It might be profitable
>to treat more at large of the life of this saint, but it is now
>time to conclude this epitome of his labours.[3]
>[1] V.R. Fifteen.
>[2] V.R. By the holy bishop Amatheus.
>[3] Here ends the Vatican MS. collated by Mr. Gunn.
>
>[Here endeth the life of the holy bishop, Saint Patrick.]
>(After this, the MSS. give as 56., the legend of king Arthur,
>which in this edition occurs in 50.)
>
>
>
>
>Genealogy of the kings of Bernicia.*
>* These titles are not part of the original work, but added in
>the MSS. by a later hand.
>
>
>
>57. Woden begat Beldeg, who begat Beornec, who begat Gethbrond,
>who begat Aluson, who begat Ingwi, who begat Edibrith, who begat
>Esa, who begat Eoppa, who begat Ida.  But Ida had twelve sons,
>Adda, Belric, Theodric, Ethelric, Theodhere, Osmer, and one queen,
>Bearnoch, Ealric.  Ethelric begat Ethelfrid: the same is Aedlfred
>Flesaur.  For he also had seven sons, Eanfrid, Oswald, Oswin,
>Oswy, Oswudu, Oslac, Offa.  Oswy begat Alfrid, Elfwin, and Egfrid.
>Egfrid is he who made war against his cousin Brudei, king of the
>Picts, and he fell therein with all the strength of his army, and
>the Picts with their king gained the victory; and the Saxons never
>again reduced the Picts so as to exact tribute from them.  Since
>the time of this war it is called Gueithlin Garan.
>
>But Oswy had two wives, Riemmelth, the daughter of Royth, son of
>Rum; and Eanfled, the daughter of Edwin, son of Alla.
>
>
>
>
>The genealogy of the kings of Kent.
>
>
>
>58. Hengist begat Octa, who begat Ossa, who begat Eormenric,
>who begat Ethelbert, who begat Eadbald, who begat Ercombert, who
>begat Egbert.
>
>
>
>
>The origin of the kings of East-Anglia.
>
>
>
>59. Woden begat Casser, who begat Titinon, who begat Trigil, who
>begat Rodmunt, who begat Rippa, who begat Guillem Guercha,* who
>was the first king of the East Angles.  Guercha begat Uffa, who
>begat Tytillus, who begat Eni, who begat Edric, who begat Aldwulf,
>who begat Elric.
>* Guercha is a distortion of the name of Uffa, or Wuffa, arising
>in the first instance from the pronunciation of the British writer;
>and in the next place from the error of the transcriber--Palgrave.
>
>
>
>
>The genealogy of the Mercians.
>
>
>
>60. Woden begat Guedolgeat, who begat Gueagon, who begat Guithleg,
>who begat Guerdmund, who begat Ossa, who begat Ongen, who begat
>Eamer, who begat Pubba.*  This Pubba had twelve sons, of whom two
>are better known to me than the others, that is Penda and Eawa.
>Eadlit is the son of Pantha, Penda, son of Pubba, Ealbald, son of
>Alguing, son of Eawa, son of Penda, son of Pubba.  Egfert, son of
>Offa, son of Thingferth, son of Enwulf, son of Ossulf, son of
>Eawa, son of Pubba.
>* Or Wibba.
>
>
>
>
>The kings of the Deiri.
>
>
>
>61. Woden begat Beldeg, Brond begat Siggar, who begat Sibald,
>who begat Zegulf, who begat Soemil, who first separated[1] Deur
>from Berneich (Deira from Bernicia.)  Soemil begat Sguerthing, who
>begat Giulglis, who begat Ulfrea, who begat Iffi, who begat Ulli,
>Edwin, Osfrid and Eanfrid.  There were two sons of Edwin, who fell
>with him in battle at Meicen,[2] and the kingdom was never renewed
>in his family, because not one of his race escaped from that war;
>but all were slain with him by the army of Catguollaunus,[3] king
>of the Guendota.  Oswy begat Egfrid, the same is Ailguin, who
>begat Oslach, sho begat Alhun, who begat Adlsing, who begat Echun,
>who begat Oslaph.  Ida begat Eadric, who begat Ecgulf, who begat
>Leodwald, who begat Eata, the same is Glinmaur, who begat Eadbert
>and Egbert, who was the first bishop of their nation.
>[1] V.R. Conquered.
>[2] Hatfield, in the West Riding of Yorkshire.  See Bede's Eccles.
>Hist.
>[3] Cadwalla, king of the Western Britons.
>
>Ida, the son of Eoppa, possessed countries on the left-hand side
>of Britain, i.e. of the Humbrian sea, and reigned twelve years,
>and united* Dynguayth Guarth-Berneich.
>* V.R. United the castle, i.e. Dinguerin and Gurdbernech, which
>two countries were in one country, i.e. Deurabernech; Anglice
>Diera and Bernicia.  Another MS. Built Dinguayrh Guarth Berneich.
>
>62. Then Dutgirn at that time fought bravely against the nation
>of the Angles.  At that time, Talhaiarn Cataguen* was famed for
>poetry, and Neirin, and Taliesin and Bluchbard, and Cian, who is
>called Guenith Guaut, were all famous at the same time in British
>poetry.
>* Talhaiarn was a descendant of Coel Godebog, and chaplain to
>Ambrosius.
>
>The great king, Mailcun,* reigned among the Britons, i.e. in the
>district of Guenedota, because his great-great-grandfather, Cunedda,
>with his twelve sons, had come before from the left-hand part, i.e.
>from the country which is called Manau Gustodin, one hundred and
>forty-six years before Mailcun reigned, and expelled the Scots
>with much slaughter from those countries, and they never returned
>again to inhabit them.
>* Better known as Maelgwn.
>
>63. Adda, son of Ida, reigned eight years; Ethelric, son of Adda,
>reigned four years.  Theodoric, son of Ida, reigned seven years.
>Freothwulf reigned six years.  In whose time the kingdom of Kent,
>by the mission of Gregory, received baptism.  Hussa reigned seven
>years.  Against him fought four kings, Urien, and Ryderthen, and
>Guallauc, and Morcant.  Theodoric fought bravely, together with
>his sons, against that Urien.  But at that time sometimes the enemy
>and sometimes our countrymen were defeated, and he shut them up
>three days and three nights in the island of Metcaut; and whilst
>he was on an expedition he was murdered, at the instance of Morcant,
>out of envy, because he possessed so much superiority over all
>the kings in military science.  Eadfered Flesaurs reigned twelve
>years in Bernicia, and twelve others in Deira, and gave to his wife
>Bebba, the town of Dynguaroy, which from her is called Bebbanburg.*
>* Bambrough.  See Bede, iii. 6, and Sax. Chron. A.D. 547.
>
>Edwin, son of Alla, reigned seventeen years, seized on Elmete, and
>expelled Cerdic, its king.  Eanfled, his duaghter, received baptism,
>on the twelfth day after Pentecost, with all her followers, both
>men and women.  The following Easter Edwin himself received baptism,
>and twelve thousand of his subjects with him.  If any one wishes
>to know who baptized them, it was Rum Map Urbgen:* he was engaged
>forty days in baptizing all classes of the Saxons, and by his
>preaching many believed on Christ.
>* See Bede's Eccles. Hist.  From the share which Paulinus had in
>the conversion of the Northumbrian king, it has been inferred
>that he actaully baptized him; but Nennius experssly states, that
>the holy sacrament was administered by Rhun, the son of Urien.
>The Welsh name of Paulinus is Pawl Hen, or Polin Eagob.
>
>64. Oswald son of Ethelfrid, reigned nine years; the same is
>Oswald Llauiguin;[1] he slew Catgublaun (Cadwalla),[2] king of
>Guenedot,[3] in the battle of Catscaul,[4] with much loss to his
>own army.  Oswy, son of Ethelfrid, reigned twenty-eight years and
>six months.  During his reign, there was a dreadful mortality
>among his subjects, when Catgualart (Cadwallader) was king among
>the Britons, succeeding his father, and he himself died amongst
>the rest.[5]  He slew Penda in the field of Gai, and now took
>place the slaughter of Gai Campi, and the kings of the Britons,
>who went out with Penda on the expedition as far as the city of
>Judeu, were slain.
>[1] Llauiguin, means the "fair," or the "bounteous hand."
>[2] This name has been variously written; Bede spells it Caedualla
>(Cadwalla); Nennius, Catgublaun; the Saxon Chronicle, Ceadwalla;
>and the Welsh writers, Cadwallon and Kalwallawn: and though the
>identity of the person may be clearly proved, it is necessary to
>observe these particulars to distinguish him from Cadwaladr, and
>from another Caedualla or Caedwalla, a king of the West Saxons;
>all of whom, as they lived within a short time of each other,
>have been frequently confounded together.--Rees's Welsh Saints.
>[3] Gwynedd, North Wales.
>[4] Bede says at Denis's brook.
>[5] The British chronicles assert that Cadwallader died at Rome,
>whilst Nennius would lead us to conclude that he perished in the
>pestilence at home.
>
>65. Then Oswy restored all the wealth, which was with him in the
>city, to Penda; who distributed it among the kings of the Britons,
>that is Atbert Judeu.  But Catgabail alone, king of Guenedot,
>rising up in the night, excaped, together with his army, wherefore
>he was called Catgabail Catguommed.  Egfrid, son of Oswy, reigned
>nine years.  In his time the holy bishop Cuthbert died in the
>island of Medcaut.*  It was he who made war against the Picts,
>and was by them slain.
>* The isle of Farne.
>
>Penda, son of Pybba, reigned ten years; he first separated the
>kingdom of Mercia from that of the North-men, and slew by treachery
>Anna, king of the East Anglians, and St. Oswald, king of the North
>Men.  He fought the battle of Cocboy, in which fell Eawa, son of
>Pybba, his brother, king of the Mercians, and Oswald, king of the
>North-men, and he gained the victory by diabolical agency.  He
>was not baptized, and never believed in God.
>
>66. From the beginning of the world to Constantinus and Rufus,
>are found to be five thousand six hundred and fifty-eight years.
>
>Also from the two consuls, Rufus and Rubelius, to the consul
>Stilicho, are three hundred and seventy-three years.
>
>Also from Stilicho to Valentinian, son of Placida, and the reign
>of Vortigern, are twenty-eight years.
>
>And from the reign of Vortigern to the quarrel between Guitolinus
>and Ambrosius, are twelve years, which is Guoloppum, that is
>Catgwaloph.*  Vortigern reigned in Britain when Theodosius and
>Valentinian were consuls, and in the fourth year of his reign the
>Saxons came to Britain, in the consulship of Felix and Taurus, in
>the four hundredth year from the incarnation of our Lord Jesus
>Christ.
>* In Carmarthenshire.  Perhaps the town now called Kidwelly.
>
>>From the year in which the Saxons came into Britain, and were
>received by Vortigern, to the time of Decius and Valerian, are
>sixty-nine years.
>
>
>
>
>
>End of The Project Gutenberg Etext of History Of The Britons, by Nennius

I agree.